(1) GeoTags on Google Maps: f.e. Nachlin, James Morris: Garbage Scout, New York, January 2006 u.a.; ckyuan: Yuan.CC Maps, since March 2006. See Elleryq 2006. Compare on GeoTagging: Flickr 2007; MP:Ole 2005; Torrone 2005. API=Application Programming Interface, open interface for Google Maps, since February 2005: Google 2007. Maps API geocoder: Majewski 2006.
(2) Certeau 1988:118-122, esp. 119ss. with ann.12 (reference to an Aztec map, the exodus of Totomihuacas).
On Aztec maps, 16th century: Aguilar and Brady 2003; Mesoamerican Research Foundation 2006.
(3) The feeding of itineraries was tried in a time when projects could not integrate photographs from an aerial view with the API (see ann.1) on Google Maps. A special server with views from satellites and airplanes had to be integrated.
(4) Compare Dreher 2007c (with examples of earlier projects for participations with camera). The text at hand is an extract (with modifications) of Dreher 2007c.
(5) The more "complex network of differentiations" is constituted by more complex combinations of anthropologic and geometric spaces: "a combinative system of spaces" (Certeau 1988:126).
"Anthropologic" and "geometric space": Merleau-Ponty 1961:333s.; Certeau 1988:93,117s. The use of terms in this context doesn?t follow Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. It is possible to reconstruct the term "space" as a mental space which can be changed in reaction to technical innovations because new suggestions should be integrated. The reconstruction can follow Niklas Luhmann's "theory of observation" and interpret "space" as a "two-sided form". Luhmann's terminology allows to comprehend "space" as the broader "form" or "medium" which offers the differentiation of narrower "forms" in the framework of the wider "form"-"contexture". But these "contextures" can transgress the wider framework and provoke its redefinition ("Medium" and "Form": Luhmann 1986:6ss.; Luhmann 1990:18,20; Luhmann 1995:165-214). Now the term "space" signifies not only conscious processes but, too, how and with which means these processes can be communicated because it is only possible to draw conclusions from communications in one medium to the state of consciousness and systems won't be differentiated in the awareness without context, without stimulations mediated by communication media (Luhmann on "Bewußtsein" ("consciousness") and "Kommunikation" ("communication"): Luhmann 1984:142s.; Luhmann 1995:19-26,34ss. Compare Jahraus 1998).
(6) On the relation between ?place? and ?space?: Certeau 1988:117s. Compare Brown 2001; Pope 2004:54s.
(7) Since December 2006 the Open Source software is replaced by a proprietary GIS (geographic information system). It changed its name to Pittsburgh Open Maps. The proprietors are former members of Carbon Defense League operating under the name of Deep Local, Inc. The Open Source version was better. See the description of the project's history from 2001 to 2007 in Dreher 2007b (Sammeltipp 1: Stadterfahrung mit ortssensitiven Medien, Teil 1. URL: http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/TippSammel1.html (01/22/2009)). The Organic City by Seamus Byrne and Sarah Mattern offers a current Open Source Software alternative to the former MapHub (without the possibility to build different hubs meanwhile videos and audio files can be posted besides texts and photos).
(8) Dreher 2004, chap. Blaster. URL: http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/lektion12.html#Blaster (1/26/2009); Wikipedia 2003.
(9) F.e. texts and photos in geotags on maps or aerial views: one level upon the other.
(10) "Disciplinary societies", "surveillance societies": Foucault 1975:197-229 (chap.III.III).
"Dispositifs": Foucault 1977, esp. chap. III.
(11) Cavanaugh 1999:182-188 (Cavanaugh's theological motivated third chapter on "The Eucharist" is left aside). Compare Galloway 2004:2-27; Tuters 2004, Chapter "The Control Societies Debate".
(12) Holmes 2004:21. Holmes argues with the quoted utterance explicitly against the project Klee, Jeron/Polak, Esther/Waag Society: Amsterdam RealTime, Amsterdam, October 2002, but he mentions no other project and provokes the impression that it is an example for "the alternative projects or artworks using the GPS system".
(13) Byrne 2005; Russell 1999:44-48; Sant 2004 (Even if Alison Sant, Ryan Shaw and Michel Swaine are independent from cartographic premises in Trace (San Francisco, Basel, 2004) they need the zoning procedures of the mobile telephony); Tuters and Varnelis 2006; van Veen 2004.
(14) Vgl. Holmes 2004: "The aesthetic form of the dérive [as aesthetics which became politics as decor] is [in GPS projects] everywhere." - and the social critical function of a deconditioning via dérive is ineffective. If Brian Holmes describes Christian Nold's project "Biomapping" (first phase: since Mai 2004, second phase: since October 2005) in "Counter Cartographies" without criticism as "psychogeography goes automatic" (with other reasons than an automatic paths finding process) then he reinterprets the term psychogeography and leaves Situationistic criteria (Holmes 2006:24s.).
dérive and psychogeography: Debord 1955; Debord 1956. Compare Dreher 2007a, chap. IV.1 Psychogeography and Instruction. URL: http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/NAKSe.html#Psychogeography (1/26/2009); Ohrt 1990:75s.,79,83ss.
(15) Galloway 2004:143: "control in distributed networks is not monolithic—It is a complex of interrelated currents and counter-currents."
(16) Galloway 2004:246: "My goal here in this book has been not to come down cleanly and say that protocol is either good or bad - because clearly it is both, in varying degrees and contexts..."
(17) In collaborative mapping, aspects of affected persons' interventions in city politics can be compared to the pedagogical projects of the seventies in London provoking inhabitants to report their situation with cameras. Wrecking and rebuilding caused many problems in London's urban environment of the seventies. They reached an extension changing the characteristics of a district and forcing the poor inhabitants to change their quarter (Nigg 1977; Walker 2002:153s.).
(18) Holmes 2006:24. Compare Certeau 1988:40s.,91-96,101. <>: Debord and Wolman 1956; Hinterreiter and Holzinger and Schaumberger; Ohrt 1990:86.
(19) Jameson 1984, 90; Jameson 1991: "...cognitive mapping in the broader sense comes to require the coordination of existential data (the empirical position of the subject) with unlived, abstract conceptions of the geographic totality." Compare Mirrlees 2005, paragraph 22: "If the globalization of capitalism is a totalizing process through which all different and particular (i.e., non-capitalist) social relations are increasingly subsumed by the expanding logics of commodification, then an equally totalizing abstraction is needed to conceive of this as a new global condition of existence."
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